Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy

Kamai, Elizabeth M.; McElrath, Thomas F.; Ferguson, Kelly K.

doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0480-8

Environmental Health

Table 1 Studies of maternal prenatal urinary phthalate metabolites and fetal growth outcomes measured at birth

From: Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy

Reference	Country, years	N	Urinary phthalate metabolites	Timing of urine collection	Birth size outcome(s)	Notes¹	All²	Girls²	Boys²
Wolff et al. 2008 [89]	USA 1998-2002	404	∑LMW: MMP, MEP, MBP, MiBP ∑HMW: MBzP, MCPP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEHP ∑DEHP: MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEHP	3^rd trimester	BW BL HC	primiparas only	+ BL (MBzP) + HC (MEP, ∑LMW)
Suzuki et al. 2010 [95]	Japan 2005-2008	149	MMP, MEP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MiNP, MnOP	29 weeks	BW BL HC		NS
Philippat et al. 2012 [96]	France 2003-2006	287	∑LMW: MEP, MBP, MiBP ∑HMW: MBzP, MCPP, MCOP, MCNP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	22 weeks	BW BL HC				- BW (MCPP, MECPP) - BL (MCPP)
Zhao et al. 2014 [97]	China 2012-2013	126	MBP, MMP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP	3^rd trimester	BW BL		- BW (MEHHP, MEOHP)	NS	- BW (MEHHP, MEOHP)
Smarr et al. 2015 [98]	USA 2005-2009	233	MMP, MEP, MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MECPP, MCMHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MEHP, MCPP, MCHP, MiNP, MnOP	pre-conception	BW BL HC	not adjusted for GA	- BW (MMP, MEP, MCMHP, MOP) - BL (MMP) - HC (MEP, MEOHP, MECPP)
Botton et al. 2016 [99]	France 2003-2006	520	∑LMW: MEP, MBP, MiBP ∑HMW: MBzP, MCOP, MCPP, MCNP, MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEHP ∑DEHP: MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEHP	26 weeks	BW BL HC				+ BL (MCNP)
Casas et al. 2016 [100]	Spain 2004-2006	390	MBzP ∑LMW: MEP, MiBP, MnBP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	12, 32 weeks*	BW BL HC		NS	+ BW (MiBP)	+ BW (MBzP, MnBP)
Ferguson et al. 2016 [101, 102]	USA 2006-2008	482	MEP, MBP, MiBP, MBzP, MCPP ∑DEHP: MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MEHP	10, 18, 26, 35 weeks*	BW		NS	NS	NS
Polanska et al. 2016 [103]	Poland 2007	165	∑LMW: MEP, MiBP, MBzP, MnBP, OH-MnBP ∑HMW: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MHiNP, MOiNP, MOP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP ∑DBP: MnBP, OH-MnBP ∑DiNP: MHiNP, MOiNP	3^rd trimester	BW BL HC		NS
Sathyanarayana et al. 2016 [104]	USA 2010-2012	674	MEP, MBzP, MBP, MCPP, MCOP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	1^st trimester	BW	not adjusted for GA		+ BW (MEHHP)	NS
						<37 weeks only; not adjusted for GA		+ BW (MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP, ∑DEHP)	NS
						≥37 weeks only; not adjusted for GA		NS	+ BW (MCOP)
Shoaff et al. 2016 [105]	USA 2003-2006	368	∑DEHP: MEHHP, MEHP, MEOHP, MECPP	16, 26 weeks*	BW BL HC	not adjusted for GA	NS
Watkins et al. 2016 [106]	USA 2009-2012	68	MEP, MBzP, MCPP ∑DBP: MnBP, MiBP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	1^st trimester	BW BL HC			- BW (∑DBP) + BL (MCPP)	NS
				delivery				+ BW (MCPP) + BL (MBzP, ∑DBP) + HC (MCPP)	+ BW (∑DBP) + BL (MCPP)
				1^st trimester, delivery*				NS	+ BW (∑DBP) + HC (∑DBP)
Gao et al. 2017 [107]	China 2013-2014	3103	MMP, MEP, MBP, MBzP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP	10 weeks	BW BL HC	not adjusted for GA	- BW (MBzP)
Huang et al. 2017 [108]	Taiwan 2010	162	∑Phthalates: MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEOHP, MEHHP, MECPP	11 weeks	BW BL HC		NS
				26 weeks			- BL (MMP, ∑Phthalates) - HC (∑Phthalates)
				delivery			- HC (∑Phthalates)
Messerlian et al. 2017 [109]	USA 2005-2016	364	MEP, MCPP, MCOP, MCNP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	pre-conception	BW	non-IVF births; not adjusted for GA	- BW (MCNP)
Messerlian et al. 2017 [109]	USA 2005-2016	364	MEP, MCPP, MCOP, MCNP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	6, 21, 35 weeks*	BW	non-IVF births; not adjusted for GA	+ BW (MBP, MiBP, MBzP)
Woods et al. 2017 [110]	USA 2003-2006	272	MBP, MiBP, MEP, MBzP, MCPP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP	16, 27 weeks*	BW		NS
Chiu et al. 2018 [111]	USA 2015-2016	300	MEP, MiBP, MnBP, MBzP, MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, MECPP	1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd trimesters*	BW		NS
Zhang et al. 2018 [112]	China 2013-2014	3103	MMP, MEP, MBP, MBzP ∑DEHP: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP	1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd trimesters*	BW	not adjusted for GA	- BW (MMP, MEP)	- BL (MMP, MEP)	NS
Zhu et al. 2018 [113]	China 2014	1002	∑LMW: MMP, MEP, MiBP, MnBP ∑DEHP: MECPP, MEHHP, MEOHP	delivery	BW BL			NS	+ BW (∑DEHP, MECPP, MEOHP)

¹Unless otherwise specified, studies included term, preterm, parous, and nulliparous births, and models of birth outcomes adjusted for or standardized to gestational age
²Blank cells indicate associations were not examined; NS indicates that associations within that category were examined but not statistically significant at p<0.05
*Average of two or more urine samples
Abbreviations. BL, birth length; BW, birth weight; GA, gestational age; HC, head circumference; IVF, in vitro fertilization; MBP, monobutyl phthalate; MBzP, monobenzyl phthalate; MCHP, monocyclohexyl phthalate; MCOP, monocarboxy-isooctyl phthalate; MCNP, monocarboxy-isononyl phthalate; MCPP, mono-3-carboxypropyl phthalate; MCMHP, mono-[(2-carboxymethyl) hexyl] phthalate; MEP, monoethyl phthalate; MECPP, mono-2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate; MEHHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl phthalate; MEHP, mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate; MEOHP, mono-2-ethyl-5-oxohexylphthalate; MHiNP, mono-hydroxy-iso-nonyl phthalate; MiBP, monoisobutyl phthalate; MiNP, mono-iso-nonyl phthalate; MMP, monomethyl phthalate; MnBP, mono-n-butyl phthalate; MnOP, mono-n-octyl phthalate; MOP, monooctyl phthalate; MOiNP, mono-oxo-iso-nonyl phthalate; OH-MnBP, 3OH-mono-n-butyl phthalate; ∑DBP, molar sum of the dibutyl phthalate metabolites that follow; ∑DEHP, molar sum of the di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate metabolites that follow; ∑DiNP, molar sum of the di-iso-nonyl phthalate metabolites that follow; ∑HMW, molar sum of the high molecular weight phthalate metabolites that follow; ∑LMW, molar sum of the low molecular weight phthalate metabolites that follow

Back to article page

ISSN: 1476-069X

Contact us

General enquiries: journalsubmissions@springernature.com