Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy

Kamai, Elizabeth M.; McElrath, Thomas F.; Ferguson, Kelly K.

doi:10.1186/s12940-019-0480-8

Environmental Health

Table 3 Studies of maternal prenatal urinary biomarkers of phenols¹ and fetal growth outcomes measured at birth

From: Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy

Reference	Country, years	N	Urinary phenol(s)	Timing of urine collection	Birth size outcome(s)	Notes²	All³	Girls³	Boys³
Berkowitz et al. 2004 [143]	USA 1998-2002	404	PCP	3^rd trimester	BW BL HC	primiparous only	NS	NS	NS
Wolff et al. 2008 [89]	USA 1998-2002	404	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, BP3, BPA, TCS	3^rd trimester	BW BL HC	primiparous only	NS	NS	- BW (2,5-DCP) + BW (BP3) - BL (2,5-DCP)
Philippat et al. 2012 [96]	France 2003-2006	191	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, BP3, BPA, TCS ∑PB: BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB,	21 weeks	BW BL HC				- BW (2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP) + BW (BPA) + HC (2,4-DCP, BPA, BP3)
Tang et al. 2013 [144]	China 2010-2012	567	BP3, BPA	Delivery	BW BL		NS
Lee et al. 2014 [145]	Korea 2007-2010	757	BPA	3^rd trimester	BW BL HC		+ BW (BPA)	NS	+ BW (BPA) + BL (BPA)
Philippat et al. 2014 [146]	France 2003-2006	520	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, BP3, BPA, BuPB; EtPB, MePB, PrPB, TCS	26 weeks	BW BL HC				NS
Huo et al. 2015 [147]	China 2012-2014	452	BPA	Delivery	LBW		- LBW (BPA)	- LBW (BPA)	NS
Smarr et al 2015 [98]	USA 2005-2009	233	BPA	Pre-conception	BW BL HC	not adjusted for GA	NS
Casas et al. 2016 [100]	Spain 2004-2006	470	BPA	12, 32 weeks**	BW BL HC		NS	NS	NS
Ferguson et al. 2016 [101, 102]	USA 2006-2008	482	BPA	10, 18, 26, 35 weeks**	BW		NS	NS	NS
Guo et al. 2016 [148]	China 2009-2010	1100	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,6-TCP, PCP	Delivery	BW BL HC		- BW (2,4,6-TCP, PCP) - HC (2,4,6-TCP, PCP)	- HC (2,5-DCP, 2,4-DCP)	- BW (2,4,6-TCP, PCP) - BL (PCP) - HC (2,4,6-TCP, PCP)
Lassen et al. 2016 [149]	Denmark 2010-2012	514	TCS	28 weeks	BW BL HC			NS	- HC (TCS)
Ding et al. 2017 [150]	China 2010-2013	496	BPA, TCS	Delivery	BW BL HC LBW SGA		NS	NS	+ BL (BPA)
Etzel et al. 2017 [151]	USA 2003-2006	378	TCS	16, 26.5 weeks**	BW BL HC LBW SGA	not adjusted for GA	- BW (TCS)	NS	NS
Geer et al. 2017 [152]	USA 2007-2009	185	2’-OH-TCC, 3’-OH-TCC, 3’-Cl-TCC, BePB, BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB, TCS, TCC	3^rd trimester	BW BL HC LBW	not adjusted for GA	+ LBW (3’-Cl-TCC)
Huang et al. 2017 [108]	Taiwan 2010	162	BPA	11 weeks	BW BL HC		NS
				26 weeks			NS
				Delivery			- HC (BPA)
Wu et al. 2017 [153]	China 2012-2014	1006	∑PB: BePB, BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB,	Delivery	BW BL		NS	NS	+ BL (MePB)
Wang et al. 2017 [154]	China 2012-2013	620	BPA	Delivery	BW		NS
Woods et al. 2017 [110]	USA 2003-2006	272	BPA	16, 26 weeks**	BW		NS
Lee et al. 2018 [155]	Korea 2006-2010	788	BPA	36 weeks	BW BL		+ BW (BPA)	NS	+ BW (BPA)
Ferguson et al. 2018 [156, 157]	USA 2006-2008	482	2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP, BP3, BPS, BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB, TCS, TCC	10, 18, 26, 35 weeks**	BW		NS	- BW (2,4-DCP, 2,5-DCP) - BL (2,4-DCP)	NS
Hoffman et al. 2018 [158]	USA 2001-2006	349	BDCIPP, DPHP, ip-PPP, BCIPH-IPP, BCIPP, tb-PPP	27 weeks	BW	not adjusted for GA		- BW (ip-PPP)	NS
Huo et al. 2018 [159]	China 2012-2014	1006	TCS	Delivery	BW BL LBW		NS	NS	NS
Krause et al. 2018 [160]	Denmark 2012-2014	157	BP1, BP3	18 weeks	BW BL HC			NS	NS
Messerlian et al. 2018 [161]	USA 2005-2016	346	BP3, TCS ∑PB: BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB	Pre-conception	BW HC	not adjusted for GA	- HC (MePB, ∑PB)	NS	- BW (PrPB)
Messerlian et al. 2018 [161]	USA 2005-2016	346	BP3, TCS ∑PB: BuPB, EtPB, MePB, PrPB	6, 21, 35 weeks**	BW HC	not adjusted for GA	NS	NS	NS
Ouyang et al. 2018 [162]	China 2012-2013	620	TCS	Delivery	BW		NS	+ BW (TCS)	NS
Wan et al. 2018 [163]	China 2012-2014	985	BPS	Delivery	BW BL SGA		NS	NS	NS

¹Includes environmental phenols and other non-persistent consumer product chemicals
²Unless otherwise specified, studies included term, preterm, parous, and nulliparous births, and models of birth outcomes adjusted for or standardized to gestational age.
³Blank cells indicate associations were not examined; NS indicates that associations within that category were examined but not statistically significant at p<0.05. Note that (-) associations for low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age (SGA) indicate decreased risk for these outcomes, while (+) associations indicated increased risk with increased exposure.
*Average of two or more urine samples.
Abbreviations. 2’-OH-TCC, 2’-hyhroxy-TCC; 3’-OH-TCC, 3’-hyhroxy-TCC; 3’-Cl-TCC, 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorocarbanilide; 2,4-DCP, 2,4-dichlorophenol; 2,5-DCP, 2,5-dichlorophenol; 2,4,5-TCP, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol; 2,4,6-TCP, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol; BePB, benzyl paraben; BL, birth length; BP1, benzophenone-1; BP3, benzophenone-3; BPA, bisphenol-A; BPS, bisphenol-S; BuPB, butyl paraben; BW, birth weight; EtPB, ethyl paraben; GA, gestational age; HC, head circumference, LBW, low birth weight; MePB, methyl paraben; PCP, pentachlorophenol; PrPB, propyl paraben; SGA, small for gestational age; TCC, triclocarban; TCS, triclosan; ∑PB, summary measure of the parabens that follow.

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