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Table 5 Studies of maternal prenatal urinary biomarkers of pesticides and fetal growth outcomes measured at birth

From: Fetal growth in environmental epidemiology: mechanisms, limitations, and a review of associations with biomarkers of non-persistent chemical exposures during pregnancy

Reference

Country, years

N

Urinary pesticides

Timing of urine collection

Birth size outcome(s)

Notes1

Results2

Interaction with maternal or child PON1 genotype or phenotype

Berkowitz et al. 2004 [143]

+USA, 1998-2002

404

TCPy, 3-PBA

3rd trimester

BW

BL

HC

primiparous only

 

Low maternal AREase activity

- HC (TCPy)

Wolff et al. 2007 [178]

+USA, 1998-2002

404

MDA

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

3rd trimester

BW

BL

HC

primiparous only

- HC (∑DAP)

Low maternal AREase activity

- BL (∑DMP)

Maternal PON1192 QQ:

- BW (∑DEP)

Chevrier et al. 2011 [179]

France, 2002-2006

579

atrazine, atrazine mercapturate, simazine, simazine mercapturate, desethylatrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, 2-chlorodiaminoatrazine, hydroxyatrazine, hydroxysimazine, hydroxydesethylatrazine, hydroxy-desisopropyl atrazine, hydroxy-2-chlorodiaminoatrazine (ammeline), alachlor, metolachlor, acetolachlor, 2,6-diethylaniline

1st trimester

BW

BL

HC

 

- HC (metolachlor)

 

Eskenazi et al. 2004 [180]

+USA, 1999-2000

488

MDA, TCPy, PNP, DEAMPY, IMPY, CMHC, CIT

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

13, 26 weeks**

BW

BL

HC

 

+ BL (PNP)

+ HC (∑DAP)

 

Harley et al. 2011 [181]

+USA, 1999-2000

467

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

13, 26 weeks**

BW

BL

HC

  

Child PON1-108 CT:

+ BW (∑DMP, ∑DAP)

Child PON1192 RR:

+ BW (∑DEP)

High child AREase activity:

+ HC (∑DMP, ∑DAP)

Rauch et al. 2012 [182]

+USA, 2003-2006

306

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

16, 26 weeks**

BW

not adjusted for GA

- BW (∑DMP, ∑DAP)

Child PON1-108 CT:

- BW (∑DAP)

Child PON1192 QR:

- BW (∑DAP)

Wang et al. 2012 [183]

China

2006-2007

187

DMP, DMTP, DEP, DETP, DEDTP

delivery

BW

BL

 

NS

 

Zhang et al. 2014 [184]

Japan

2009-2011

147

3-PBA

1st trimester

BW

BL

HC

 

+ BW (3-PBA)

+ HC (3-PBA)

 

Ding et al. 2015 [185]

China

2010

454

∑pyrethroids: cis-DCCA, trans-DCCA, 3-PBA

delivery

BW

BL

HC

 

- BW (∑pyrethroids)

 

Naksen et al. 2015 [186]

Thailand

2011-2012

52

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

12 weeks

BW

BL

HC

 

NS

Low maternal PON1 activity:

- BW (∑DAP)

- HC (∑DMP, ∑DEP, ∑DAP)

High maternal PON1 activity:

+ BW (∑DMP)

32 weeks

NS

Low maternal PON1 activity:

- HC (∑DEP, ∑DAP)

delivery

NS

NS

Harley et al. 2016 [187]

USA

(3 pooled studies)

1999-2006

1169

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

1-2 samples during pregnancy

BW

BL

HC

 

NS

Child PON1-108 TT:

+ BL (∑DMP)

Child PON1192 RR:

- BL (∑DMP)

Maternal PON1192 QR:

+ HC (∑DEP)

Liu et al. 2016 [188]

China

2011-2012

310

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

delivery

BW

BL

HC

 

- HC (∑DAP)

 

Woods et al. 2017 [110]

USA

2003-2006

272

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

16, 26 weeks**

BW

 

NS

 

Huang et al. 2017 [108]

Taiwan

2010

105

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

11 weeks

BW

BL

HC

 

NS

 

26 weeks

 

- BW (DEP)

- BL (DEP, ∑DEP)

 

delivery

 

NS

 

Dalsager et al. 2018 [189]

Denmark

2010-2012

858

TCPy, 3-PBA, 2,4-D

∑DMP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP

∑DEP: DEP, DEDTP, DETP

∑DAP: DMP, DMDTP, DMTP, DEP, DEDTP, DETP

28 weeks

BW

HC

 

NS

 

Parvez et al. 2018 [190]

USA

2015-2016

71

Glyphosate

11-39 weeks

BW

HC

 

NS

 

Zhang et al. 2018 [191]

China

2009-2010

1100

Carbofuran

delivery

BW

BL

HC

 

NS

 
  1. 1Unless otherwise specified, studies included term, preterm, parous, and nulliparous births, and models of birth outcomes adjusted for or standardized to gestational age.
  2. 2Blank cells indicate associations were not examined; NS indicates that associations within that category were examined but not statistically significant at p<0.05.
  3. *Average of two or more urine samples
  4. +Included in Harley et al. 2016 pooled study
  5. Abbreviations. 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 3-PBA, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid; AREase, arylesterase; BL, birth length; BW, birth weight; cis-DCCA, cis-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid; CIT, 5-chloro-1-isopropyl-3-hydroxytriazole; CMHC, 3-chloro-4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin; DEAMPY, 2-diethylamino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine; DEP, diethylphosphate; DEDTP, diethyldithiophosphate; DETP, diethylthiophosphate; DMP, dimethylphosphate; DMDTP, dimethyldithiophosphate; DMTP, dimethylthiophosphate; HC, head circumference; IMPY, 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine; MDA, malathion dicarboxylic acid; PNP, 4-nitrophenol; TCPy, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; trans-DCCA, trans-3-(2,2-Dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid; ∑DAP, molar sum of the dialkyl phosphate metabolites that follow; ∑DEP, molar sum of the diethyl phosphate metabolites that follow; ∑DMP, molar sum of the dimethyl phosphate metabolites that follow