Skip to main content

Table 4 Generalized estimating equation analysis of ≥ 2 repeated measurements of antioxidant enzymes, DNA damage and reaction time over 4 years

From: Longitudinal follow-up of health effects among workers handling engineered nanomaterials: a panel study

 

Control

Risk Level 1

Risk Level 2

GEE analysis coefficient B (SE)

Model 1

Model 2

Variables a.

N

Mean ± SD

N

Mean ± SD

N

Mean ± SD

RL1*Time

RL2*Time

RL1*Time

SOD (U/ml) 1st

34

7.98±2.17

53

8.61±3.55

45

8.11±3.5

0.487 (0.278)

0.720 (0.278) ★★

0.355 (0.136) ★★

SOD (U/ml) 2nd

74

9.48±5.04

82

7.67±5.1

68

7.79±5.96

SOD (U/ml) 3rd

73

16.86±7.4

74

19.57±8.77

72

20.3±9.04

SOD (U/ml) 4th

78

12.67±3.63

67

12.1±2.76

65

11.87±2.9

SOD (U/ml) 5th

64

13.38±4.68

52

11.88±4.31

57

13.43±4.98

GPx (nmol/min/ml) 1st

35

117.07±20.67

53

120.44±16.18

44

128.02±29.2

3.652 (1.319) ★★

1.612 (1.470)

0.759 (0.724)

GPx (nmol/min/ml) 2nd

74

95.52±26.18

82

80.47±24.87

68

82.97±25.18

GPx (nmol/min/ml) 3rd

73

157.11±24.04

74

153.8±21.9

72

151.17±29.02

GPx (nmol/min/ml) 4th

79

100.09±14.67

68

99.32±15.35

65

104.41±14.38

GPx (nmol/min/ml) 5th

64

129.49±19.49

52

124.34±16.85

57

130.91±16.4

%DNA in Tail 1st

35

13.43±11.74

53

16.69±9.84

46

14.82±8.34

2.280 (0.792) ★★

2.240 (0.794) ★★

1.075 (0.379) ★★

%DNA in Tail 2nd

75

33.98±21.37

82

22.47±15.01

68

21.69±20.91

%DNA in Tail 3rd

73

34.68±22.19

74

26.83±20.59

72

32.28±21.77

%DNA in Tail 4th

79

18.37±8.36

68

17.69±6.53

65

16.4±7.91

%DNA in Tail 5th

63

16.06±5.27

52

18.01±6.19

57

15.59±5.25

Tail Moment 1st

35

17.3±23.2

53

15.16±14.95

46

15.99±16.21

16.184 (3.802) ★★

14.495 (3.970) ★★

7.052 (1.790) ★★

Tail Moment 2nd

65

112.23±106.89

78

48.75±45.96

61

37.22±68.26

Tail Moment 3rd

73

145.68±129.55

74

106.66±122.55

72

143.41±135.74

Tail Moment 4th

79

35.16±35.07

68

29.16±26.23

65

26.93±29.46

Tail Moment 5th

63

28.67±18.75

51

30.09±18.03

57

25.11±19.39

Olive Moment 1st

35

8.92±10.45

53

8.8±7.37

46

8.42±6.8

6.188 (1.698) ★★

6.302 (1.678) ★★

2.990 (0.768) ★★

Olive Moment 2nd

61

43.81±42.99

77

21.71±15.58

59

12.96±12.98

Olive Moment 3rd

73

77.18±73.51

74

53.61±67.1

72

73.93±75.04

Olive Moment 4th

79

16.92±14.56

68

14.57±11.31

65

13.17±12.17

Olive Moment 5th

63

13.77±7.11

51

14.65±7.64

57

12.93±9.18

L/H ratio 1st

35

0.99±0.92

53

0.96±0.61

46

0.99±0.73

0.006 (0.036)

0.025 (0.035)

0.012 (0.018)

L/H ratio 2nd

74

1.08±0.87

81

1.02±0.9

68

0.81±0.86

L/H ratio 3rd

71

0.7±0.67

73

0.51±0.63

71

0.66±0.7

L/H ratio 4th

77

0.23±0.12

68

0.22±0.1

65

0.21±0.13

L/H ratio 5th

63

0.2±0.08

50

0.21±0.08

57

0.19±0.08

  1. a.times of measurements (1st: at baseline; 2nd: at 6 months later; 3rd: at 18 months later; 4th: at 30 months later; 5th: at 42 months later)
  2. ★★p-values interaction term <0.01 in the GEE model
  3. Analytical Model (Dependent variable: SOD) includes main effects of age, sex, smoking, chewing betel nut, and education.
  4. Analytical Model (Dependent variable: GPx) includes main effects of sex, smoking, drinking, hypertension, and atopic dermatitis.
  5. Analytical Model (Dependent variable: %DNA in Tail) includes main effects of age, sex, smoking, and education.
  6. Analytical Model (Dependent variable: Tail Moment) includes main effects of sex, and smoking.
  7. Analytical Model (Dependent variable: Olive Moment) includes main effects of sex, and smoking.
  8. Analytical Model (Dependent variable: L/H ratio) includes main effects of sex, smoking, and atopic dermatitis.