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Table 4 Associations between water fluoride and sleep measures

From: Fluoride exposure and sleep patterns among older adolescents in the United States: a cross-sectional study of NHANES 2015–2016

Outcomes

N

Estimates (95% CI)

Uncorrected p

Holm-Bonferroni corrected p

Sleep duration

418

 

0.487

 

 Less than recommended

 

1.35 (0.83,2.22)

0.23

0.46

 Recommended (ref)

 

 More than recommended

 

1.10 (0.58, 2.11)

0.76

1.00

Sleep apnea symptoms

413

   

 Never (ref)

 

  

 At least once per week

 

1.97 (1.27, 3.05)

0.002

0.02*

Snoring

402

   

 Never (ref)

 

---

  

 At least once per week

 

0.62 (0.45, 0.87)a

0.005

0.03*

Daytime sleepiness

419

 

0.220ǂ

 

 Never (ref)

 

  

 Rarely

 

1.91 (1.08, 3.38)

0.03

0.08

 Sometime

 

1.50 (0.88, 2.57)

0.14

0.41

 Often

 

2.06 (1.09, 3.89)

0.03

0.08

 Almost always

 

1.53 (0.86, 2.74)

0.15

0.46

Trouble sleeping

419

   

 No (ref)

 

  

 Yes

 

1.02 (0.64, 1.62)

0.93

0.93

Bedtime

418

0.40 (0.10, 0.70)

0.01

0.05*

Wake time

418

0.43 (0.13, 0.73)

0.008

0.04*

  1. Note. All estimates are odds radios (ORs) except for bedtime and wake time which are unstandardized Beta estimates; ORs and Beta estimates reflect the change in outcome for each IQR (i.e. 0.52 mg/L) increase in water fluoride concentration. Regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and ratio of family income to poverty. Reweighted MEC weights were applied to these regression analyses; *Significant at p ≤ 0.05 after Holm-Bonferroni correction. †The p-value for a Type 3 Analysis of Effects with 2 degrees of freedom; ǂ The p-value for a Type 3 Analysis of Effects with 4 degrees of freedom; a. Odds ratio for association between water fluoride and snoring among males; interaction between sex and water fluoride in predicting snoring (B = 1.35, p < 0.001)