From: Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: an updated review
Reference | Study location, year | No. in high-exposure group | No. in reference group | Age range (or mean), years | Fluoride exposure | Outcome measure | Results | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assessment | Range or mean (mg/L) | |||||||
[114] | New Zealand, 1986 | 1028 (total) | N/a | 0–7 | Drinking water fluoridation | N/a | RBSa and CBRSb | No association between duration of residence in fluoridated community and behavioral problems |
[115] | New Zealand, 2015 | 992 (total) | N/a | 5 and 7–13 | Water fluoridation, supplements | N/a | WISCc | No significant association found between tablet use, use of fluoride toothpaste, or childhood community water fluoridation and IQ, respectively |
[63] | Mexico, 2017 | 287 (total) | N/a | 4 and 6–12 | Maternal urinary fluoride (MUF) | 0.88 (mean) | MSCAd; WASIe | Higher MUF levels were associated with lower scores on cognitive function tests in offspring |
[24] | Mexico, 2017 | 211 (total) | N/a | 3–15 months | Drinking water and MUF | 0.5–12.5 (water); 0.16–4.9 (MUF, 1st trimester); 0.7–6.0 (MUF, 2nd trimester); 1.3–8.2 (MUF, 3rd trimester) | BSDI-IIf | MUF levels sampled during the 1st and 2nd trimesters were inversely associated with mental development in infants |
[116] | Canada, 2018 | 275 (city fluoridation) | 335 (no city fluoridation) | 3.4 | MUF, fluoride intake | 0.06–2.44 | WPPSI-IIIg | Higher MUF levels predicted lower IQ in males but not females; higher maternal fluoride intake predicted lower IQ |