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Table 3 Adjusted differences in cognitive outcomes per mg fluoride per liter maternal urine (U-fluoride) during pregnancy, and benchmark dose results (boys and girls) in regard to maternal urinary fluoride excretion (mg/L urine adjusted for creatinine)

From: Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: an updated review

Study

Reference

Number

Outcome

U-fluoride (median)

Estimate

95% CI

BMD

BMDL

ELEMENT

[63]

287

GCI

0.84

−6.3

−10.8; − 1.7

0.16

0.10

ELEMENT

[63]

211

IQ

0.82

−5.0

−8.2; − 1.2

0.20

0.13

MIREC

[116]

512

IQ

0.51

−2.0

− 5.2; 1.3

0.51

0.21