Cohort study | Sample size | Prenatal urine(s) samples | Association* | Internalizing or externalizing symptoms | Boys, girls or both |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HOME (USA) Braun et al. 2009 | 249 | 3 (gestation weeks 16th and 26th, and delivery) | Yes | Externalizing at 2 yrs. | Girls |
Braun et al., 2011 | 244 | Yes | Internalizing at 3 yrs. | ||
Braun et al., 2014 | 175 | 2 (gestation weeks 16th and 26th) | No | Autistic behaviors at 4–5 yrs. | n/a |
Braun et al., 2017 | 178 | 2 (gestation weeks 16th and 26th) | Yes | Externalizing behavior trajectory throughout ages 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8 | Girls |
MSCEHS (USA) Miodovnik et al., 2011 | 137 | 1 (gestation week 31th) | No (Yes, when 6 outliers were removed from the analysis) | At 7–9 yrs. | n/a |
CCCEH (USA) Perera et al. 2012 | 198 | 1 (gestation week 34th) | Yes | Both at 3–5 yrs. | Boys |
Roen et al., 2015 | 250 | Yes | Both at 7–9 yrs. | ||
Perera et al., 2016 | 241 | Yes | Internalizing at 10–12 yrs. | ||
CHAMACOS (USA) Harley et al. 2013 | 292 | 2 (gestation weeks 14th and 26th) | Yes | Internalizing, and aggressive behavior at 7 yrs | Boys |
SFFII (USA) Evans et al., 2014 | 153 | 1 (gestation week 27th) | Yes | Both at 5 yrs. | Boys |
INMA-Sabadell (Spain) Casas et al., 2015 | 438 | 2 (1st and 3rd trimester) | Yes | Externalizing at 7 yrs. | Boys |
EDEN (France) Philippat et al., 2017 | 529 | 1 (2nd trimester) | Yes | Internalizing at 3 yrs. Externalizing at 5 yrs. | Only boys were recruited |
MIREC (Canada) Braun et al., 2017 | 812 | 1 (gestation week 12th) | Yes | Internalizing at 3 yrs. | Boys |
EDC (Korea) Lim et al., 2017 | 304 | 1 (gestation week 20th) | Yes | Externalizing (social problems) at 4 yrs. | Girls |
OCC (Denmark) Jensen et al., 2019 | 658 | 1 (gestation week 28th) | No | At 2–4 yrs. | n/a |
CHECK (Korea) Kim et al., 2018 | 140 | 1 (delivery) | No | At 1–2 yrs. | n/a |
APrON (Canada) Grohs et al., 2019 | 98 | 1 (gestation week 17th) | Yes | Internalizing at 4–5 yrs. | Both |
S-MBCS (China) Li et al., 2020 | 745 | 1 (gestation weeks 12th–16th) | Yes | Both at 2–4 yrs. | Boys |