Table 1 Description of the new studies identified and included in this review
From: Update on human exposure to glyphosate, with a complete review of exposure in children
Citation number, Author, year | Country | Year of sampling | Subjects | Number of subjects | Lab methods | Type of sample | Creatinine Adjusted levels | LOD glyphosate | LOD AMPA | Samples below LOD included in average | Glyphosate Results | AMPA Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE | ||||||||||||
Perry, 2019 [13] | US (Wisconsin) | 1997–1998 | Farmers who self-reported glyphosate exposure 8 h prior to sample collection and farmers who did not report glyphosate use | 18 farmers with glyphosate use, 17 farmers without glyphosate use | LC-MS/MS | Urine | No | 0.4 μg/L | 1 μg/L | No | Farmers using G: 39% had detectable levels, mean (range):4.04 μg/L (1.3–12.0 μg/L). Farmers not using G: None had detectable levels | Only one G using farmer with the highest G level had detectable AMPA at 4.1 μg/L |
Balderrama-Carmona 2019a [14] | Mexico (Valle del Mayo) | NR | Farmers who lived in small communities in Mexico and reported regular application of pesticides | 30 urine samples from agricultural workers | HPLC | Urine | Not specified | 5 μg/L | 15 μg/L | NA | Of the 30 samples tested, none of them had detectable levels of glyphosate | Of the 30 samples tested, 6% had detectable levels of AMPA of 0.42 and 2.23 μg/L |
Wongta, 2018 [15] | Thailand | 2017 | Rice, Longan, and Vegetable farmers living in San Pa Tong District | 38 Rice Farmers, 31 Longan Farmers, 17 Vegetable Farmers | FMOC-Cl prior to HPLC | Urine | Not specified for G | 0.5 μg/L | NR | Not specified | Rice: G was detected in 10.5% of samples Mean ± SD: 2.01 ± 0.81 μg/L GM: 1.89 μg/L; Longan: G detected in 30% of samples, Mean ± SD 2.88 ± 1.46 μg/L, GM: 2.55 μg/L; G was detected in 23.5% samples, Mean ± SD: 3.11 ± 1.15 μg/L, GM: 2.92 μg/L | NR |
TOTAL (n = 3) | 151 | |||||||||||
GENERAL POPULATION | ||||||||||||
Wongta, 2018 [15] | Thailand | 2017 | Nonfarm workers between 18 and 65 living in San Pa Tong District in Thailand | 38 | FMOC-Cl prior to HPLC | Urine | Not specified for G | 0.5 μg/L | NR | Not specified | G was not detected in the urine of any non-farm workers | NR |
TOTAL (n = 1) | 38 | |||||||||||
CHILDREN | ||||||||||||
Trasande 2020 [11] | US (Seattle, WA, New York, NY) | Bright Start: Neonates younger than 30 days Early Start: infants 10–19 months PEEPS: children ages 3–8 years | Bright Start: 10 Early Start: 66 PEEPS: 32 Total of 108 | HPLC-MS/MS | Urine | No | 0.11 | NR | Yes, values below the LOD imputed as LOD/sqrt(2) | The majority of the samples were below the LOD and the mean (SD) glyphosate concentration was 0.28 (0.23) | NR | |
Sierra-Diaz, 2019 [12] | Mexico | NR | Children under the age of 17 living in Agua Caliente Children under the age of 12 living in Ahuacapán | 192 Agua Caliente; 89 Ahuacapán | HPLC/MS/MS | Urine | Not specified | Curve range: 0.01–1000 μg/L | NR | Not specified | Agua Caliente: G was detected in 72.91% of samples with a mean ± SD of 0.363 ± 0.321 μg/L Ahuacapán: G was detected in 100% of the samples with a mean ± SD: 0.606 ± 0.5435 μg/L | NR |
TOTAL (n = 2) | 389 |