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Table 4 Percent Change of DNA Methylation in NOS3 Gene per log-transformed IQR increase in BC at different lag periods

From: Exposure to traffic-related air pollution and changes in exhaled nitric oxide and DNA methylation in arginase and nitric oxide synthase in children with asthma

Lag period

NOS3 Gene loci

Model 1

 

Model 2

 

Model 3

 

Model 4

 

Difference in % methylation

95%CI

p

Difference in % methylation

95%CI

p

Difference in % methylation

95%CI

p

Difference in % methylation

95%CI

p

Lag 0-6 h

Position 1

−3.73

(−6.98, − 0.47)

0.03

−3.31

(−6.75, 0.13)

0.06

−4.90

(−9.71, − 0.08)

0.05

−1.75

(−4.66, 1.16)

0.23

Position 2

−1.23

(−4.48, 2.02)

0.45

−0.36

(−3.79, 3.08)

0.84

1.75

(−3.90, 7.39)

0.54

0.37

(−3.01, 3.75)

0.83

Position 3

−1.70

(−5.44, 2.04)

0.37

−1.26

(−5.24, 2.72)

0.53

1.02

(−4.26, 6.29)

0.70

1.59

(−1.94, 5.13)

0.37

Average

−2.17

(−4.94, 0.61)

0.12

−1.58

(−4.52, 1.36)

0.29

−0.70

(−4.92, 3.52)

0.74

−0.11

(−2.79, 2.56)

0.93

Lag 7-12 h

Position 1

−6.38

(−9.61, − 3.15)

< 0.01

−6.51

(−9.93, − 3.08)

< 0.01

−7.13

(−11.76, − 2.50)

< 0.01

−4.81

(−7.64, − 1.99)

< 0.01

Position 2

−4.38

(−7.70, − 1.06)

0.01

−3.92

(−7.54, − 0.29)

0.03

−3.49

(−9.07, 2.10)

0.21

−2.39

(−5.98, 1.19)

0.19

Position 3

−4.65

(−8.49, − 0.80)

0.02

−4.40

(−8.54, − 0.26)

0.04

−2.88

(−8.09, 2.34)

0.27

−2.25

(−5.94, 1.44)

0.23

Average

−5.31

(−8.03, − 2.59)

< 0.01

−5.51

(−8.40, − 2.61)

< 0.01

−4.57

(−8.61, − 0.53)

0.03

−3.13

(−5.84, − 0.43)

0.02

Lag 13-24 h

Position 1

−6.96

(−9.78, − 4.14)

< 0.01

−6.56

(− 9.45, − 3.68)

< 0.01

−8.12

(−11.68, − 4.56)

< 0.01

−4.99

(−7.8, − 2.17)

< 0.01

Position 2

−4.47

(−7.51, − 1.43)

< 0.01

−4.09

(−7.20, − 0.98)

0.01

−4.05

(−8.49, 0.39)

0.07

−3.05

(−6.58, 0.47)

0.09

Position 3

−1.90

(−5.41, 1.60)

0.28

−1.14

(−4.74, 2.46)

0.53

0.43

(−3.75, 4.62)

0.84

0.60

(−3.02, 4.21)

0.74

Average

−4.58

(−7.02, − 2.14)

< 0.01

−4.37

(− 6.92, − 1.82)

< 0.01

−3.31

(−6.57, − 0.04)

0.05

−2.65

(−5.35, 0.05)

0.05

Lag 0-24 h

Position 1

−5.73

(−8.25, − 3.21)

< 0.01

−5.44

(−8.07, − 2.82)

< 0.01

−6.79

(−10.27, − 3.31)

< 0.01

−5.16

(−8.43, − 1.89)

< 0.01

Position 2

−3.13

(−5.73, − 0.53)

0.02

−2.71

(−5.45, 0.03)

0.05

−2.17

(−6.42, 2.08)

0.31

−2.37

(−6.45, 1.70)

0.25

Position 3

−2.44

(−5.46, 0.58)

0.11

−1.96

(−5.16, 1.23)

0.22

−0.08

(−4.06, 3.90)

0.97

0.15

(−4.1, 4.40)

0.94

Average

−3.67

(−5.79, − 1.54)

< 0.01

−3.72

(−5.97, − 1.46)

< 0.01

−2.71

(−5.82, 0.40)

0.09

−2.69

(−5.82, 0.44)

0.09

Lag 25-48 h

Position 1

−1.94

(−5.35, 1.48)

0.26

−2.25

(−5.73, 1.23)

0.20

−2.48

(−6.66, 1.70)

0.24

−3.48

(−6.38, − 0.57)

0.02

Position 2

−0.40

(−4.06, 3.26)

0.83

−0.44

(−4.16, 3.27)

0.81

0.29

(−4.50, 5.09)

0.90

−0.87

(−4.45, 2.71)

0.63

Position 3

1.81

(−2.13, 5.76)

0.36

1.36

(−2.68, 5.40)

0.50

1.66

(−2.81, 6.12)

0.46

1.19

(−2.49, 4.87)

0.52

Average

−0.50

(−3.52, 2.51)

0.74

− 0.52

(−3.57, 2.53)

0.73

−0.10

(−3.69, 3.48)

0.95

−1.37

(− 4.13, 1.40)

0.32

Lag 49-72 h

Position 1

0.02

(−3.71, 3.74)

0.99

−0.41

(−4.47, 3.64)

0.84

0.21

(−5.3, 5.72)

0.94

2.81

(−1.03, 6.66)

0.15

Position 2

0.17

(−3.81, 4.14)

0.93

0.54

(−3.79, 4.86)

0.80

4.15

(−2.13, 10.43)

0.19

2.24

(−2.41, 6.89)

0.34

Position 3

−1.87

(−6.16, 2.42)

0.39

−2.44

(−7.07, 2.20)

0.30

−0.46

(−6.35, 5.43)

0.87

0.47

(−4.01, 4.96)

0.83

Average

−0.81

(−4.11, 2.49)

0.62

−0.76

(−4.3, 2.79)

0.67

1.32

(−3.4, 6.04)

0.58

1.95

(−1.56, 5.46)

0.27

Lag 73-96 h

Position 1

−0.63

(−4.35, 3.10)

0.74

−0.76

(−4.61, 3.10)

0.69

−0.39

(−4.98, 4.21)

0.87

−0.59

(−4.33, 3.15)

0.75

Position 2

−2.04

(−5.71, 1.64)

0.27

−1.99

(−5.82, 1.84)

0.30

−1.50

(−6.62, 3.63)

0.56

−2.32

(−6.67, 2.04)

0.29

Position 3

−3.62

(−7.72, 0.48)

0.08

−4.00

(− 8.25, 0.24)

0.06

−3.60

(−8.38, 1.18)

0.14

−1.14

(−5.53, 3.25)

0.60

Average

−2.36

(−5.44, 0.71)

0.13

−2.45

(− 5.67, 0.77)

0.13

−1.90

(−5.78, 1.98)

0.33

−1.72

(−5.13, 1.68)

0.31

  1. Note: All estimates are from linear mixed effect model to reflect percent changes in methylation per IQR increase in log-transformed BC. The IQR (μg/m3) was 1.8 for lag 0-6 h, 1.8 for lag 7-12 h, 1.2 for lag 13-24 h, 1.1 for lag 0-24 h, 1.5 for lag 25-48 h, 1.6 for lag 49-72 h and 1.3 for lag 73-96 h
  2. Model 1 was the unadjusted model
  3. Model 2 adjusted for day-of-week and week number when buccal cells were collected
  4. Model 3 further adjusted for age, gender and race/ethnicity
  5. Model 4 further adjusted for NO2