Prenatal metal mixtures and child blood pressure in the Rhea mother-child cohort in Greece

Table 1 Characteristics of 176 Mother-Child Pairs from the Rhea Cohort

Participant Characteristic	N (%) or Mean (SD)
Maternal Characteristics
Maternal Age, years		30.3 (4.2)
Pre-Pregnancy BMI, kg/m²		24.0 (4.0)
Maternal Education
Low (≤6 years)		18 (10.2)
Medium (> 6 years and < 12 years)		90 (51.1)
High (≥12 years)		68 (38.6)
Smoking During Pregnancy
Non-Smoker		136 (77.3)
Smoker		40 (22.7)
Frequency of Fish and Seafood Consumption^a, Times/Week		1.0 (0.6)
Child Characteristics
Sex
Male		98 (55.7)
Female		78 (44.3)
Elevated Blood Pressure at Age 11 (Static Cutoffs)^b
Elevated		54 (30.7)
Normal		122 (69.3)
Elevated Blood Pressure at Age 11 (Percentile Cutoffs)^c
Elevated		31 (17.6)
Normal		145 (82.4)
Repeated Measurements	4 Years	6 Years	11 Years
Exact Age, years	4.2 (0.2)	6.5 (0.3)	10.9 (0.3)
Height, cm	104.5 (4.2)	120.0 (4.8)	144.3 (6.3)
BMI, kg/m²	16.4 (2.0)	16.8 (2.7)	20.4 (4.1)
Overweight	25 (14.2)	35 (19.9)	58 (33.0)
Obese	10 (5.7)	14 (8.0)	20 (11.4)
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure	74 (42.8)	64 (36.4)	45 (25.6)
Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg	90.6 (7.6)	94.0 (8.2)	105.8 (9.4)
Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg	53.7 (5.0)	53.9 (6.4)	61.2 (6.9)

^an = 150
^bElevated blood pressure at age 11 was defined using the static cutoffs recommended by Xi et al. [49]: systolic blood pressure ≥ 110 mmHg and/or a diastolic blood pressure > 70 mmHg
^cElevated blood pressure was defined as systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90th percentile for sex, age, and height, according to the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines [51]

ISSN: 1476-069X