Table 2 Characteristics of participants, overall and by community, Gauteng province, South Africa, 2016–2020
From: Severity of parkinsonism associated with environmental manganese exposure
|  | All participants N = 716 | Mn smelter community (Meyerton) N = 621 | Reference community (Ethembalethu) N = 95 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Sex | |||
 Female | 405 (56.6) | 339 (54.6) | 66 (69.5) |
 Male | 311 (43.4) | 282 (45.4) | 29 (30.5) |
Racea | |||
 Black | 706 (98.7) | 614 (98.9) | 92 (97.9) |
 Other | 9 (1.3) | 7 (1.1) | 2 (2.1) |
Languageb | |||
 Sesotho | 366 (51.3) | 352 (57.0) | 14 (14.7) |
 IsiXhosa | 107 (15.0) | 99 (16.0) | 8 (8.4) |
 IsiZulu | 107 (15.0) | 91 (14.7) | 16 (16.8) |
 Setswana | 44 (6.2) | 14 (2.3) | 30 (31.6) |
 Sepedi | 25 (3.5) | 19 (3.1) | 6 (6.3) |
 Other | 64 (9.0) | 43 (7.0) | 21 (22.1) |
Educationc | |||
 None/non-formal schooling | 100 (14.6) | 92 (15.5) | 8 (8.9) |
 Primary | 252 (36.8) | 214 (36.0) | 38 (42.2) |
 Secondary | 226 (33.0) | 198 (33.3) | 28 (31.1) |
 Matric or higher | 107 (15.6) | 91 (15.3) | 16 (17.8) |
 Unemployedd | 354 (50.6) | 317 (52.3) | 37 (39.4) |
Smoking cigarettese | |||
 Never | 493 (69.3) | 413 (66.6) | 80 (87.9) |
 Former | 57 (8.0) | 56 (9.0) | 1 (1.1) |
 Current | 161 (22.6) | 151 (24.4) | 10 (11.0) |
Alcohol use | |||
 Never | 367 (51.3) | 301 (48.5) | 66 (69.5) |
 Former | 113 (15.8) | 101 (16.3) | 12 (12.6) |
 Current | 236 (33.0) | 219 (35.3) | 17 (17.9) |
 Ever Mn occupational exposure | 14 (2.0) | 14 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) |
 Current Mn occupational exposure | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| Â | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) |
Age, years | 51.8 (9.2) | 51.3 (9.2) | 55.3 (8.7) |
Minimum | 40 | 40 | 40 |
Median | 50 | 49 | 55 |
Maximum | 97 | 97 | 84 |