Subgroups | N (%) | Single pollutant model | Two-pollutant model | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 (per 10 μg/m3) | PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m3) | NO2 (per 10 μg/m3) | PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m3) | ||||||
HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | ||
Age < 75 | 2077 (19.3%) | 1.301 (1.179, 1.434) | < 0.001 | 1.824 (1.697, 1.96) | < 0.001 | 0.845 (0.75, 0.953) | 0.006 | 1.93 (1.777, 2.096) | < 0.001 |
Age: [75, 85) | 2282 (21.2%) | 1.298 (1.215, 1.387) | < 0.001 | 1.538 (1.471, 1.609) | < 0.001 | 0.967 (0.894, 1.046) | 0.402 | 1.554 (1.477, 1.635) | < 0.001 |
Age: [85, 95) | 3410 (31.7%) | 1.105 (1.057, 1.155) | < 0.001 | 1.231 (1.193, 1.27) | < 0.001 | 0.969 (0.921, 1.019) | 0.218 | 1.243 (1.2, 1.287) | < 0.001 |
Age ≥ 95 | 2990 (27.8%) | 1.02 (0.978, 1.065) | 0.357 | 1.059 (1.026, 1.093) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.945, 1.037) | 0.674 | 1.062 (1.026, 1.099) | 0.001 |
Female | 6127 (56.9%) | 1.119 (1.081, 1.158) | < 0.001 | 1.225 (1.195, 1.256) | < 0.001 | 1.001 (0.963, 1.041) | 0.954 | 1.225 (1.191, 1.259) | < 0.001 |
Male | 4632 (43.1%) | 1.113 (1.068, 1.16) | < 0.001 | 1.276 (1.24, 1.314) | < 0.001 | 0.947 (0.903, 0.992) | 0.022 | 1.298 (1.257, 1.34) | < 0.001 |
Urban | 3746 (34.8%) | 1.057 (1.018, 1.096) | 0.004 | 1.18 (1.142, 1.219) | < 0.001 | 0.962 (0.922, 1.003) | 0.071 | 1.199 (1.155, 1.244) | < 0.001 |
Rural | 7013 (65.2%) | 1.219 (1.172, 1.268) | < 0.001 | 1.295 (1.264, 1.326) | < 0.001 | 1.04 (0.996, 1.086) | 0.079 | 1.284 (1.251, 1.317) | < 0.001 |
Education:0 year | 6868 (63.8%) | 1.102 (1.067, 1.138) | < 0.001 | 1.214 (1.187, 1.243) | < 0.001 | 0.986 (0.952, 1.022) | 0.455 | 1.219 (1.189, 1.25) | < 0.001 |
Education:1–6 year | 2928 (27.2%) | 1.147 (1.088, 1.21) | < 0.001 | 1.34 (1.289, 1.392) | < 0.001 | 0.946 (0.89, 1.006) | 0.077 | 1.363 (1.305, 1.423) | < 0.001 |
Education: > 6 year | 963 (9.0%) | 1.15 (1.039, 1.273) | 0.007 | 1.241 (1.152, 1.337) | < 0.001 | 1.026 (0.916, 1.148) | 0.661 | 1.231 (1.135, 1.337) | < 0.001 |
Smoking: Heavy smoker | 413 (3.8%) | 1.372 (1.124, 1.675) | 0.002 | 1.571 (1.367, 1.804) | < 0.001 | 0.898 (0.699, 1.153) | 0.398 | 1.636 (1.384, 1.934) | < 0.001 |
Smoking: Light smoker | 1485 (13.8%) | 1.16 (1.076, 1.25) | < 0.001 | 1.439 (1.356, 1.526) | < 0.001 | 0.956 (0.88, 1.038) | 0.282 | 1.459 (1.368, 1.556) | < 0.001 |
Smoking: Former | 1731 (16.1%) | 1.092 (1.027, 1.161) | 0.005 | 1.191 (1.141, 1.244) | < 0.001 | 0.981 (0.916, 1.051) | 0.594 | 1.198 (1.142, 1.257) | < 0.001 |
Smoking: Never | 7130 (66.3%) | 1.111 (1.075, 1.148) | < 0.001 | 1.227 (1.198, 1.256) | < 0.001 | 0.985 (0.949, 1.022) | 0.415 | 1.232 (1.201, 1.264) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol: Heavy drinker | 1127 (10.5%) | 1.172 (1.068, 1.287) | 0.001 | 1.397 (1.309, 1.492) | < 0.001 | 0.966 (0.872, 1.07) | 0.504 | 1.411 (1.314, 1.515) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol: Moderate drinker | 661 (6.1%) | 1.115 (0.992, 1.253) | 0.068 | 1.248 (1.141, 1.365) | < 0.001 | 0.992 (0.87, 1.13) | 0.9 | 1.251 (1.134, 1.381) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol: Former | 1502 (14.0%) | 1.011 (0.946, 1.081) | 0.742 | 1.249 (1.187, 1.314) | < 0.001 | 0.872 (0.809, 0.94) | < 0.001 | 1.303 (1.233, 1.378) | < 0.001 |
Alcohol: Never | 7469 (69.4%) | 1.133 (1.098, 1.17) | < 0.001 | 1.23 (1.202, 1.258) | < 0.001 | 1.006 (0.97, 1.042) | 0.761 | 1.228 (1.198, 1.259) | < 0.001 |
Ability to exercise regularily: current | 2712 (25.2%) | 1.141 (1.083, 1.202) | < 0.001 | 1.266 (1.216, 1.318) | < 0.001 | 1.009 (0.952, 1.07) | 0.763 | 1.262 (1.208, 1.32) | < 0.001 |
Ability to exercise regularily: Former | 1294 (12.0%) | 1.003 (0.937, 1.074) | 0.933 | 1.145 (1.09, 1.203) | < 0.001 | 0.905 (0.837, 0.979) | 0.013 | 1.181 (1.118, 1.247) | < 0.001 |
Ability to exercise regularily: Never | 6753 (62.8%) | 1.143 (1.104, 1.184) | < 0.001 | 1.272 (1.241, 1.303) | < 0.001 | 0.993 (0.955, 1.033) | 0.73 | 1.274 (1.241, 1.309) | < 0.001 |
Marriage_status: Married | 3399 (31.6%) | 1.227 (1.159, 1.3) | < 0.001 | 1.433 (1.377, 1.492) | < 0.001 | 0.969 (0.908, 1.035) | 0.35 | 1.447 (1.383, 1.513) | < 0.001 |
Marriage_status:Not married | 7360 (68.4%) | 1.083 (1.051, 1.116) | < 0.001 | 1.194 (1.168, 1.22) | < 0.001 | 0.978 (0.946, 1.011) | 0.189 | 1.202 (1.173, 1.23) | < 0.001 |
Household income: < 4000 | 2634 (24.5%) | 1.221 (1.141, 1.308) | < 0.001 | 1.361 (1.304, 1.421) | < 0.001 | 1.02 (0.945, 1.1) | 0.617 | 1.355 (1.294, 1.42) | < 0.001 |
Household income: < 10,000 | 2472 (23.0%) | 1.122 (1.056, 1.194) | < 0.001 | 1.279 (1.227, 1.333) | < 0.001 | 0.964 (0.899, 1.033) | 0.297 | 1.291 (1.235, 1.35) | < 0.001 |
Household income: < 20,000 | 2393 (22.2%) | 1.149 (1.089, 1.212) | < 0.001 | 1.264 (1.214, 1.315) | < 0.001 | 1.026 (0.968, 1.088) | 0.387 | 1.255 (1.202, 1.31) | < 0.001 |
Household income: ≥ 20,000 | 3260 (30.3%) | 1.089 (1.043, 1.138) | < 0.001 | 1.181 (1.142, 1.221) | < 0.001 | 0.988 (0.94, 1.037) | 0.618 | 1.186 (1.143, 1.231) | < 0.001 |
BMI: < 18.5 | 3628 (33.7%) | 1.073 (1.027, 1.121) | 0.002 | 1.23 (1.189, 1.271) | < 0.001 | 0.964 (0.919, 1.012) | 0.137 | 1.242 (1.198, 1.288) | < 0.001 |
BMI: < 25 | 6232 (57.9%) | 1.121 (1.081, 1.161) | < 0.001 | 1.262 (1.231, 1.293) | < 0.001 | 0.966 (0.928, 1.006) | 0.096 | 1.274 (1.24, 1.31) | < 0.001 |
BMI: < 30 | 770 (7.2%) | 1.251 (1.129, 1.386) | < 0.001 | 1.228 (1.14, 1.322) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (0.994, 1.262) | 0.063 | 1.181 (1.085, 1.285) | < 0.001 |
BMI: ≥ 30 | 129 (1.2%) | 1.473 (1.042, 2.082) | 0.028 | 1.548 (1.173, 2.044) | 0.002 | 1.195 (0.812, 1.76) | 0.367 | 1.457 (1.071, 1.981) | 0.017 |
Region: central | 2974 (27.6%) | 1.174 (1.102, 1.251) | < 0.001 | 1.246 (1.198, 1.296) | < 0.001 | 0.981 (0.91, 1.056) | 0.607 | 1.253 (1.198, 1.31) | < 0.001 |
Region: eastern | 3147 (29.2%) | 1.269 (1.207, 1.335) | < 0.001 | 1.263 (1.217, 1.311) | < 0.001 | 1.151 (1.088, 1.217) | < 0.001 | 1.217 (1.169, 1.267) | < 0.001 |
Region: northeastern | 904 (8.4%) | 1.107 (1.022, 1.2) | 0.013 | 0.98 (0.897, 1.071) | 0.66 | 1.125 (1.035, 1.224) | 0.006 | 0.943 (0.858, 1.035) | 0.217 |
Region: northern | 354 (3.3%) | 1.227 (1.08, 1.394) | 0.002 | 1.114 (1.038, 1.195) | 0.003 | 1.15 (0.986, 1.341) | 0.074 | 1.068 (0.981, 1.162) | 0.128 |
Region: southern | 2390 (22.2%) | 1.027 (0.959, 1.1) | 0.448 | 2.057 (1.906, 2.219) | < 0.001 | 0.824 (0.766, 0.886) | < 0.001 | 2.218 (2.044, 2.407) | < 0.001 |
Region: southwestern | 990 (9.2%) | 0.941 (0.866, 1.024) | 0.158 | 1.885 (1.755, 2.025) | < 0.001 | 0.728 (0.668, 0.794) | < 0.001 | 2.051 (1.904, 2.21) | < 0.001 |
Self-reported respiratory disease: No | 9718 (90.3%) | 1.124 (1.093, 1.156) | < 0.001 | 1.247 (1.223, 1.273) | < 0.001 | 0.989 (0.958, 1.02) | 0.487 | 1.251 (1.224, 1.279) | < 0.001 |
Self-reported respiratory disease: Yes | 884 (8.2%) | 1.062 (0.971, 1.162) | 0.188 | 1.219 (1.138, 1.305) | < 0.001 | 0.934 (0.843, 1.035) | 0.192 | 1.247 (1.155, 1.346) | < 0.001 |
Self-reported cardiovascular disease: No | 10,020 (93.1%) | 1.118 (1.088, 1.15) | < 0.001 | 1.253 (1.229, 1.278) | < 0.001 | 0.98 (0.951, 1.011) | 0.208 | 1.26 (1.233, 1.288) | < 0.001 |
Self reported cardiovascular disease: Yes | 568 (5.3%) | 1.033 (0.919, 1.16) | 0.589 | 1.074 (0.988, 1.168) | 0.093 | 0.987 (0.867, 1.123) | 0.84 | 1.078 (0.983, 1.183) | 0.108 |
NO2 < 16 | 5590 (52.0%) | 1.036 (0.949, 1.131) | 0.432 | 1.521 (1.47, 1.574) | < 0.001 | 0.749 (0.681, 0.823) | < 0.001 | 1.566 (1.512, 1.623) | < 0.001 |
NO2 ≥ 16 | 5169 (48.0%) | 1.098 (1.054, 1.143) | < 0.001 | 1.11 (1.082, 1.14) | < 0.001 | 1.047 (1.003, 1.093) | 0.037 | 1.1 (1.07, 1.131) | < 0.001 |
PM2.5 < 51 | 5466 (50.8%) | 1.109 (1.061, 1.158) | < 0.001 | 2.006 (1.895, 2.124) | < 0.001 | 0.967 (0.923, 1.013) | 0.156 | 2.026 (1.91, 2.149) | < 0.001 |
PM2.5 ≥ 51 | 5293 (49.2%) | 1.054 (1.016, 1.094) | 0.005 | 1.051 (1.018, 1.085) | 0.002 | 1.038 (0.998, 1.08) | 0.062 | 1.04 (1.005, 1.076) | 0.025 |
Temperature mean: [ 0.132,15.1) | 3587 (33.3%) | 1.143 (1.095, 1.194) | < 0.001 | 1.109 (1.077, 1.141) | < 0.001 | 1.083 (1.031, 1.138) | 0.001 | 1.082 (1.048, 1.118) | < 0.001 |
Temperature mean: [15.083,17.8) | 3587 (33.3%) | 1.071 (1.02, 1.124) | 0.005 | 1.254 (1.209, 1.3) | < 0.001 | 0.96 (0.911, 1.011) | 0.118 | 1.267 (1.219, 1.318) | < 0.001 |
Temperature mean: [17.822,25.3] | 3585 (33.3%) | 1.094 (1.034, 1.156) | 0.002 | 2.025 (1.918, 2.137) | < 0.001 | 0.843 (0.793, 0.896) | < 0.001 | 2.132 (2.014, 2.257) | < 0.001 |
Temperature SD: [4.28, 8.17) | 3588 (33.3%) | 1.036 (0.987, 1.088) | 0.151 | 1.708 (1.635, 1.785) | < 0.001 | 0.876 (0.833, 0.922) | < 0.001 | 1.762 (1.684, 1.844) | < 0.001 |
Temperature SD: [8.17, 9.81) | 3585 (33.3%) | 1.128 (1.069, 1.19) | < 0.001 | 1.288 (1.24, 1.338) | < 0.001 | 0.982 (0.925, 1.042) | 0.547 | 1.294 (1.242, 1.349) | < 0.001 |
Temperature SD: [9.81,17.18] | 3586 (33.3%) | 1.227 (1.175, 1.282) | < 0.001 | 1.174 (1.139, 1.21) | < 0.001 | 1.134 (1.08, 1.191) | < 0.001 | 1.128 (1.091, 1.168) | < 0.001 |