Residential proximity to croplands at birth and childhood leukaemia

Bamouni, Sophie; Hémon, Denis; Faure, Laure; Clavel, Jacqueline; Goujon, Stéphanie

doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00909-0

Environmental Health

Table 3 Association between the incidence rate of childhood leukaemia and non-permanent crop densities^a

From: Residential proximity to croplands at birth and childhood leukaemia

	AL (N = 8 747)					ALL (N = 7 236)					AML (N = 1 335)
	O	E	SIR	95% CI	p^b	O	E	SIR	95% CI	p^b	O	E	SIR	95% CI	p^b
Straw cereals
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.87	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.69	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.84
Total crop density ≥ 5% and straw cereals < 5%	2271	2290.1	0.99	0.95–1.03		1868	1893.8	0.99	0.94–1.03		346	343.5	1.01	0.91–1.12
[5.0–8.8]	920	912.7	1.01	0.94–1.08		759	754.9	1.01	0.94–1.08		143	137.1	1.04	0.89–1.23
[8.8–14.2]	944	910.5	1.04	0.97–1.11		796	753.1	1.06	0.99–1.13		132	136.7	0.97	0.81–1.14
[14.2–23.8]	920	919.4	1.00	0.94–1.07		758	760.4	1.00	0.93–1.07		146	138.2	1.06	0.90–1.24
≥ 23.8	934	925.4	1.01	0.95–1.08		770	765.3	1.01	0.94–1.08		146	138.7	1.05	0.89–1.24
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.84					0.61					0.89
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			1.00	0.99–1.02	0.36		765.3	1.00	0.98–1.02	0.42		138.7	1.02	0.98–1.06	0.14
Maize
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.39	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.73	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.25
Total crop density ≥ 5% and maize < 5%	4666	4612.2	1.01	0.98–1.04		3850	3815.0	1.01	0.98–1.04		716	693.3	1.03	0.96–1.11
[5–7.0]	314	332.9	0.94	0.84–1.05		273	275.2	0.99	0.88–1.12		37	49.8	0.74	0.54–1.03
[7.03–9.8]	345	332.4	1.04	0.93–1.15		286	274.8	1.04	0.93–1.17		53	49.6	1.07	0.82–1.40
[9.83–14.4]	347	335.8	1.03	0.93–1.15		279	277.6	1.01	0.89–1.13		58	50.1	1.16	0.89–1.50
≥ 14.4	317	344.9	0.92	0.82–1.03		263	285.0	0.92	0.82–1.04		49	51.5	0.95	0.72–1.26
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.38					0.75					0.16
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			1.00	0.95–1.04	0.59		285.0	0.99	0.95–1.04	0.60		51.50	1.04	0.93–1.15	0.25
Rapeseed
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.79	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.65	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.47
Total crop density ≥ 5% and rapeseed < 5%	5392	5388.0	1.00	0.97–1.03		4450	4456.1	1.00	0.97–1.03		828	808.6	1.02	0.96–1.10
[5–6.1]	153	140.3	1.09	0.93–1.28		129	116.0	1.11	0.94–1.32		24	21.2	1.13	0.76–1.69
[6.1–7.9]	152	140.8	1.08	0.92–1.27		130	116.4	1.12	0.94–1.33		18	21.2	0.85	0.54–1.35
[7.9–11.0]	141	141.4	1.00	0.85–1.18		121	116.9	1.03	0.87–1.24		16	21.2	0.75	0.46–1.23
≥ 11.0	151	147.7	1.02	0.87–1.20		121	122.1	0.99	0.83–1.18		27	22.1	1.22	0.84–1.78
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.79					0.62					0.36
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			1.02	0.95–1.10	0.30		122.1	1.03	0.95–1.11	0.26		22.10	1.01	0.83–1.22	0.46
Sunflowers
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.62	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.72	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.48
Total crop density ≥ 5% and sunflowers < 5%	5634	5600.6	1.01	0.98–1.03		4656	4631.8	1.01	0.98–1.03		853	840.9	1.01	0.95–1.08
[5–6.2]	75	88.9	0.84	0.67–1.06		64	73.6	0.87	0.68–1.11		11	13.3	0.83	0.46–1.50
[6.2–8.2]	91	88.9	1.02	0.83–1.26		71	73.6	0.97	0.76–1.22		20	13.3	1.51	0.97–2.33
[8.2–11.9]	92	89.9	1.02	0.83–1.26		77	74.4	1.04	0.83–1.29		15	13.4	1.12	0.67–1.85
≥ 11.9	97	89.8	1.08	0.89–1.32		83	74.3	1.12	0.90–1.39		14	13.4	1.04	0.62–1.76
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.51					0.62					0.42
SIRR for ∆x = 10%			1.00	0.91–1.09	0.53		74.3	1.01	0.92–1.11	0.43		13.41	1.06	0.86–1.32	0.28
Potatoes
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.73	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.68	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.42
Total crop density ≥ 5% and potatoes < 5%	5803	5792.4	1.00	0.98–1.03		4798	4790.5	1.00	0.97–1.03		885	869.6	1.02	0.95–1.09
[5–6.3]	46	41.1	1.12	0.84–1.49		42	34.0	1.24	0.91–1.67		4	6.1	0.65	0.24–1.74
[6.3–8.5]	47	41.7	1.13	0.85–1.50		34	34.5	0.99	0.70–1.38		11	6.2	1.77	0.98–3.19
[8.47–12.6]	48	41.6	1.15	0.87–1.53		40	34.4	1.16	0.85–1.58		7	6.2	1.13	0.54–2.36
≥ 12.6	45	41.3	1.09	0.81–1.46		37	34.2	1.08	0.78–1.50		6	6.2	0.97	0.44–2.17
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.92					0.77					0.32
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			1.06	0.95–1.20	0.15		34.2	1.04	0.91–1.18	0.30		6.16	1.13	0.85–1.51	0.20
Fresh vegetables
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.10	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.34	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.50
Total crop density ≥ 5% and fresh vegetables < 5%	5758	5729.6	1.00	0.98–1.03		4763	4738.5	1.01	0.98–1.03		877	859.9	1.02	0.95–1.09
[5–6.11]	62	56.8	1.09	0.85–1.40		52	47.0	1.11	0.84–1.45		9	8.6	1.04	0.54–2.00
[6.11–7.7]	40	57.1	0.70	0.51–0.95		35	47.3	0.74	0.53–1.03		5	8.5	0.59	0.24–1.41
[7.7–11.5]	58	56.4	1.03	0.80–1.33		45	46.6	0.97	0.72–1.29		12	8.5	1.42	0.81–2.50
≥ 11.5	71	58.3	1.22	0.97–1.54		56	48.2	1.16	0.89–1.51		10	8.8	1.14	0.61–2.12
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.08					0.26					0.40
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			1.07	0.98–1.18	0.05		48.2	1.04	0.94–1.16	0.20		8.79	1.18	0.96–1.44	0.05
Dry vegetables
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.75	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.64	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.58
Total crop density ≥ 5% and dry vegetables < 5%	5725	5687.1	1.01	0.98–1.03		4740	4703.3	1.01	0.98–1.04		864	853.7	1.01	0.95–1.08
[5–5.9]	63	67.7	0.93	0.73–1.19		47	56.0	0.84	0.63–1.12		15	10.1	1.48	0.89–2.46
[5.9–7.2]	59	67.7	0.87	0.68–1.13		48	56.0	0.86	0.65–1.14		11	10.1	1.08	0.60–1.96
[7.23–9.8]	68	68.0	1.00	0.79–1.27		57	56.3	1.01	0.78–1.31		10	10.2	0.98	0.53–1.82
≥ 9.8	74	67.7	1.09	0.87–1.37		59	56.0	1.05	0.82–1.36		13	10.1	1.29	0.75–2.21
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.62					0.50					0.72
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			0.95	0.84–1.06	0.83		56.0	0.89	0.78–1.02	0.95		10.11	1.14	0.96–1.36	0.07
Beet
Total crop density < 5%	2758	2788.8	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.60	2285	2308.5	0.99	0.95–1.03	0.76	422	440.7	0.96	0.87–1.05	0.49
Total crop density ≥ 5% and beets < 5%	5601	5545.5	1.01	0.98–1.04		4631	4586.2	1.01	0.98–1.04		854	832.3	1.03	0.96–1.10
[5–6.9]	91	103.9	0.88	0.71–1.08		75	85.9	0.87	0.70–1.09		12	15.6	0.77	0.44–1.36
[6.9–9.0]	95	103.4	0.92	0.75–1.12		82	85.5	0.96	0.77–1.19		12	15.6	0.77	0.44–1.36
[9.04–13.0]	105	102.7	1.02	0.84–1.24		83	84.9	0.98	0.79–1.21		20	15.4	1.30	0.84–2.02
≥ 13	97	102.6	0.95	0.77–1.15		80	84.9	0.94	0.76–1.17		15	15.5	0.97	0.59–1.61
Test of departure from log-linearity					0.59					0.78					0.35
SIRR for ∆x = 10%^c			0.95	0.87–1.03	0.90		84.9	0.94	0.86–1.03	0.90		15.45	1.01	0.83–1.23	0.47

AL Acute leukaemia, ALL Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, AML Acute myeloid leukaemia, N Number of cases, O Observed number of cases, E Expected number of cases, SIR Standardized incidence ratio, 95% CI 95% Confidence interval
^a The crop density is defined as the ratio of the area used for the crop over the total area of the municipality (based on national agricultural census data). Separate models were used for each specific crop as well as for total crops
^b p-value of the tests (chi-square test of heterogeneity between SIRs in categories of crop density, test for departure from the log-linearity hypothesis and, test for the slope parameter in the linear Poisson regression model, H0: β ≤ 0 vs H1: β > 0)
^c SIRR (for Δ x = 10%) = Relative Standardized Incidence Ratio: multiplicative variation in the SIR for a 10% increase in the crop density derived from of a linear Poisson regression model, with adjustment on the size of urban unit (Paris vs other urban units) for AL and ALL

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