Table 1 Characteristics of mother-infant pairs in the analysis in the Shanghai Birth Cohort
Variable | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
N = 1186 | N = 1146 | |
Maternal race [N (%)] | ||
 Han ethnicity | 1174 (99.0) | 1128 (98.4) |
 Other | 12 (1.0) | 18 (1.6) |
Maternal Education [N (%)] | ||
 <Bachelor | 439 (37.0) | 390 (34.0) |
 Bachelor | 612 (51.6) | 597 (52.1) |
 Graduate and above | 135 (11.4) | 159 (13.9) |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) [N (%)] | ||
 < 18.5 | 178 (15.0) | 168 (14.7) |
 18.5–23.9 | 827 (69.7) | 788 (68.8) |
 ≥24 | 181 (15.3) | 190 (16.6) |
Maternal active smoking during pregnancy [N (%)] | ||
 No | 1181 (99.6) | 1139 (99.4) |
 Yes | 5 (0.4) | 7 (0.6) |
Maternal passive smoking during pregnancy [N (%)] | ||
 No | 699 (58.9) | 686 (59.9) |
 Yes | 487 (41.1) | 460 (40.1) |
Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy [N (%)] | ||
 No | 1177 (99.2) | 1142 (99.7) |
 Yes | 9 (0.8) | 4 (0.3) |
Parity [N (%)] | ||
 Nulliparous | 1020 (86.0) | 966 (84.3) |
 Multiparous | 166 (14.0) | 180 (15.7) |
Birth season [N (%)] | Â | |
 Spring | 248 (20.9) | 197 (17.2) |
 Summer | 309 (26.1) | 352 (30.7) |
 Autumn | 403 (34.0) | 367 (32.0) |
 Winter | 226 (19.1) | 230 (20.1) |
Maternal Age (years) [Mean (SD)] | ||
| Â | 28.6 (3.7) | 28.5 (3.6) |
Gestational age (weeks) [Mean (SD)] | ||
| Â | 38.9 (1.4) | 39.1 (1.3) |
Birth weight (g) [Mean (SD)] | ||
| Â | 3411 (432) | 3325 (408) |
Length (cm) [Mean (SD)] | ||
| Â | 50.0 (1.2) | 49.8 (1.1) |
Anogenital distance (mm) [Mean (SD)] | ||
| Â | 18.7 (4.0) | 11.1 (3.8) |