Table 1 Baseline subject characteristics
Variable | Total (n = 340) |
|---|---|
FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | |
 Mother age (years) | 27.92 (5.37) |
 Mother’s enrolment period, n (%) | |
  • Trimester 1 | 165 (48.5) |
  • Trimester 2 | 175 (51.5) |
 Parity, n (%) | |
  • 0–1 | 233 (68.5) |
  • ≥ 2 | 107 (31.5) |
 Without history of abortion, n (%) | 274 (80.8) |
 Mother’s education level, n (%) | |
  • Elementary | 21 (6.1) |
  • High school | 244 (71.8) |
  • Under-post graduate | 75 (22.1) |
 Family income (USD/month), n (%)    >  290 USD | 121 (36.1) |
 Working during pregnancy, n (%) | 140 (41.2) |
 BMI increment by pregnancy (kg/m2) | 4.99 (3.04) |
 Pregnancy complications: | |
  • Hypertensive-preeclampsia, n (%) | 23 (6.8) |
  • PROM, n (%) | 46 (13.5) |
  • Oligohydramnion, n (%) | 23 (6.7) |
INFANTS | |
 Male sex, n (%) | 169 (49.7) |
 Gestational age (weeks) | |
  • FDLM | 38.58 (1.58) |
 Mode of delivery, n (%) | |
  • C-section | 154 (44.8) |
 Birth weight (grams) | 3117.7 (427.2) |
 Birth length (cm) | 48.30 (1.98) |
 Low birth weight (BW < 2500 g), n (%), | 21 (6.3)) |
  • Weight (g), range | (1500–2475) |
 Premature (GA < 37 weeks), n (%) | 18 (5.23) |
  • GA (weeks), range | 34.33 (30–36) |
SMOKING HABITS | |
 Mother who actively smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | 7 (2.1) |
 Father smoking status during pregnancy, n (%) | 215 (63.8) |
 Number of other household smoking during pregnancy, n (%) | |
  • 1 member | 155 (45.7) |
  • ≥ 2 members | 88 (26.1) |
 Total cigarettes/day | 13.46 (9.99) |
ENVIRONMENT | |
 Home fuel resources, n (%) | |
  Gas | 277 (81.5) |
  Kerosene or others | 7 (2.1) |
 Household insecticides usage, n (%) | 151 (49.2) |
 Routine garbage burning, n (%) | 8 (2.3) |
 Motorcycle density on nearest street (vehicle/day) | 243.8 (0–47,731.7) |