Table 1 Study design, outcomes and modes assessed in the studies
Author, year | Study design, country | Participants, cases*, follow up years | Assessed modes and reference†| NOS score‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast cancer | ||||
Panter et al. [26] | Cohort, UK | 358,799 participants, 1,139 cases, 7 years | Active patterns of commuting§ (reference mode: car only mode) | 6 |
Pronk et al. [28] | Cohort, China | 73,049 participants, 717 cases, 9 years | Walking and cycling separately | 7 |
George et al. [30] | Cohort, USA | 97,039 participants, 2,866 cases Postmenopausal, 7 years | Walking and cycling combined | 6 |
Luoto et al. [32] | Cohort, Finland | 30,548 participants, 332 cases 6 years | Walking and cycling combined | 5 |
Gomes et al. [33] | Case-control, Brazil | 231 controls, 230 cases | Walking and cycling combined | 5 |
Azubuike et al. [34] | Case-control, Nigeria | 403 controls, 288 cases | Walking only | 5 |
Si et al. [35] | Case-control, Australia | 1,789 controls, 1,205 cases, Premenopausal, Postmenopausal | Walking and cycling combined | 6 |
Mathew et al. [36] | Case-control, India | 1,873 controls, 1,866 cases Premenopausal, Postmenopausal | Walking only | 6 |
Steindorf et al. [37] | Case-control, Germany | 886 controls, 359 cases | Walking and cycling separately | 6 |
John et al. [38] | Case-control, US | 1,548 controls, 1,250 cases Premenopausal, Postmenopausal | Walking and cycling combined | 7 |
Matthews et al. [39] | Case-control, China | 1,556 controls, 1,459 cases | Walking and cycling separately | 5 |
Marcus et al. [40] | Case-control, US | 790 controls, 861 cases | Walking and cycling separately | 5 |
Endometrial | ||||
Gierach et al. [31] | Cohort, US | 109,621 participants, 647 cases, 7 years | Walking and cycling combined | 7 |
Friberg et al. [41] | Cohort, Sweden | 33,723 participants, 199 cases, 18 years | Walking and cycling combined | 6 |
Schouten et al. [21] | Case-cohort The Netherlands | 62,573 participants, 226 cases, 9 years | Walking and cycling combined | 6 |
John et al. [42] | Case-control, US | 443 controls, 472 cases | Walking and cycling combined | 6 |
Matthews et al. [43] | Case-control, China | 846 controls, 832 cases | Walking and cycling separately | 7 |
Colorectal cancer | ||||
Mahmood et al. [44] | Cohort, Australia | 23,586 participants, 465 cases Colorectal, 16-years | Walking and cycling combined | 6 |
Panter et al. [26] | Cohort, UK | 358,799 participants, 435 cases Colon, 7 years | Active patterns of commuting§ (reference mode: car only mode) | 6 |
Simons et al. [24] | Case-cohort, The Netherlands | 120,852 participants, 3,185 cases, Colon, rectum, 16 years | Walking and cycling combined | 7 |
Hou et al. [45] | Case-control, China | 1,552 controls, 931 cases Colon | Walking and cycling separately | 6 |
Testicular | ||||
Littman et al. [46] | Case-control, US | 1023 controls, 391 cases | Cycling only | 6 |
Coldman et al. [47] | Case-control, US | 128 controls, 40 cases | Cycling only | 6 |
Prostate | ||||
Zeegers et al. [23] | Case-cohort, The Netherlands | 58,279 participants, 1,352 cases 9.3 years | Walking and cycling combined | 7 |
Hosseini et al. [48] | Case-control, Iran | 137 controls, 137 cases | Walking only | 4 |
Ovarian | ||||
Biesma et al. [22] | Case-cohort, The Netherlands | 62,573 participants, 252 cases 11.3 years | Walking and cycling combined | 7 |
Liver, gallbladder and biliary tract | ||||
Pang et al. [49] | Cohort, China | 460,937 participants, 13 years Liver, gallbladder and biliary tract | Commuting physical activity | 7 |
Renal cancer | ||||
Xiao et al. [50] | Case-control, US, Renal cell carcinoma | 1235 controls, 1217 cases | Walking and cycling combined | 5 |
Lung | ||||
Wong et al. [25] | Cohort, UK | 234,124 participants, 493 cases 7 years | Walking, cycling, public transport (reference mode: automobile only) | 6 |
Overall cancer incidence | ||||
Patterson et al. [51] | Cohort, UK | 394,746 participants, 20,980 cases, 16 years | Walking, cycling, public transport (reference mode: car/motorcycle) | 6 |
Panter et al. [26] | Cohort, UK | 358,799 participants, 6,216 cases 7 years | Active patterns of commuting§ (reference mode: car only mode) | 6 |
Morales et al. [27] | Cohort, UK | 263,540 participants, 3748 cases 2 years | Walking, cycling, mixed mode (walking), mixed mode (cycling) (reference mode: non-active mode - car/public transport) | 5 |
Overall cancer mortality | ||||
Patterson et al. [51] | Cohort, UK | 394,746 participants, 6509 cases 16 years | Walking, cycling, public transport (reference mode: car/motorcycle) | 6 |
Panter et al. [26] | Cohort, UK | 358,799 participants, 737 cases 7 years | Active patterns of commuting§ (reference mode: car only mode) | 6 |
Morales et al. [27] | Cohort, UK | 263,540 participants, 1,123 cases, 2 years | Walking, cycling, mixed mode (walking), mixed mode (cycling) (reference mode: non-active mode - car/public transport) | 5 |
Sahlqvist et al. [52] | Cohort, Europe | 13,346 participants, 700 cases 11.5 years | Cycling | 6 |
Autenrieth et al. [53] | Cohort, Germany | 4,672 participants, 326 cases, 18 years | Walking and cycling combined | 9 |
Matthews et al. [29] | Cohort, China | 67,143 women, 537 cases 5.7 years | Walking and cycling separately | 7 |
Batty et al. [54] | Cohort, UK | 11,663 participants, 1,499 cases 25 years | Walking and cycling combined | 7 |